author

 Peter Ruti
Peter Ruti
The elections and referendum, like their predecessors, were marred by violence and intimidation. PARMEHUTU supporters and officials targeted UNAR members and Tutsi populations at the local council level. The electoral process in Rwanda in 1961 shows the UN's ineffectiveness.
How the UN proved inconsistent and ineffective in Rwanda's electoral process
Rwandans during the independence period.
UN and Belgium’s contrasting approaches to Rwanda’s independence
Between June 28 and July 30, 1960, local council elections were held. PARMEHUTU secured 70.4% of the seats, while voter abstention stood at approximately 21.8%. File
Colonial manipulation of elections in Rwanda: A historical analysis
The Belgian colonial adminisatration in Rwanda favoured PARMEHUTU party against UNAR, which wanted independence.
How Belgium openly sided with PARMEHUTU against UNAR
The divide and rule politics is behind this diversion of reality whose consequences we have had to live with. Internet
How colonialists supported divisionism in Rwanda’s first multiparty politics
Christopher Trott, a British diplomat during a tour of Kigali Genocide Memorial, while learning Rwandan tragic history. Photo by Sam Ngendahimana
Rwanda’s first multiparty politics reflected divisions of late colonial period
King Kigeli V Ndahindurwa was crowned in what colonialists and Hutu militants called a coup d’état. Internet
A glance at socio-political chaos that followed Rudahigwa’s sudden death
Kigeli V Ndahindurwa was born in 1936 to Yuhi V Musinga and Queen Mukashema in Kamembe (in today’s Rusizi District), where his father had been initially exiled.
How circumstances overtook Kigeli V Ndahindurwa
Mutara III Rudahigwa bent to the demands of Belgian colonial masters.
Mutara III Rudahigwa, the strategist and transgenerational inspirer
Mutara the III Rudahigwa was born in 1911 in Nyanza (Nyanza district now).
Mutara III Rudahigwa became Belgian choice after Musinga’s disgrace
King Yuhi V Musinga gives an audience to two people with a disagreement, but with the supervision of a Belgian colonial administrator. EP.0.0.6127, collection MRAC Tervuren ; photo E. Gourdinne, 1918
The downfall of Yuhi V Musinga: Erosion of power and forced exile
King Musinga poses for a picture with the Ecole des sous-chefs EP.0.0.1100, collection RMCA Tervuren; unidentified photographer, s.d. All rights reserved
Rebellion against Yuhi V Musinga persisted despite Muhigirwa’s defeat
King Musinga poses for a picture with the Ecole des sous-chefs EP.0.0.1100, collection RMCA Tervuren; unidentified photographer, s.d. All rights reserved
King Yuhi V Musinga’s reign was marred by rebellion and questions of legitimacy
King Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa’s reign, spanning from 1895 to 1896, was brief and marred by controversy.
The short and controversial reign of King Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa
Former king's palace (Ibigabiro bya) Kigeli IV Rwabugiri at Bumbogo bwa Nkuzuzu in Gasabo District. Sam Ngendahimana
Kigeli IV Rwabugiri’s military conquest of Bunyabungo and Ijwi Island
A segment of Rwanda National Museum. Kigeli IV Rwabugili was enthroned in 1853.
A look at Kigeli IV Rwabugiri's military expeditions
Mutara II Rwogera was enthroned in the former Muyira commune, now part of Nyanza district.
Mutara II Rwogera: The conquest of Gisaka and the expansion of Rwanda
Yuhi IV's reign is considered the most peaceful in history. File
Yuhi IV Gahindiro: Accidental King whose reign was the most peaceful in Rwanda

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