A while ago, I wrote an article exploring the impact of language in enabling Rwanda’s young people to become more innovative. The feedback was passionate and diverse. One recurring theme was the tension between mother tongue and work opportunities: the undeniable fact that English has opened doors for many—including me—and yet, paradoxically, closed doors for even more.

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It’s true—I have greatly benefited from fluency in English. But this fluency came at a cost. In the primary school I attended, English was not just the language of instruction—it was the language of existence.

Speaking Kinyarwanda earned you a "vernacular card,” a token of shame passed from one student to another. By the end of the day, every cardholder was punished. In other schools, children were made to wear dirty sacks or even animal bones for daring to speak their mother tongue.

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We were taught that our language was dirty. That we, by extension, were less than.

The result is a society that still rewards "foreignness"—whether in how we treat people who speak "broken English” or how we value those who mimic foreign accents. It manifests in our workplaces, our restaurants, and our media. It creates an invisible hierarchy where Kinyarwanda is seen as a handicap, something to be ashamed of.

As the world mourns the passing of literary giant Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, this moment is ripe for reflection. He once said, "If you know all the languages of the world but don't know your mother tongue or the language of your culture, that is enslavement. On the other hand, if you know your mother tongue or the languages of your culture, and you add all the languages of the world to it, that is empowerment."

Ngũgĩ's words echo in our current age of AI. In recent months, I’ve immersed myself in the world of artificial intelligence—from tools that write code to those that can translate and summarize complex information instantly. And while it’s been empowering, it’s also a stark reminder that I’m able to access this knowledge largely because I speak English.

But what about the millions who don’t? What knowledge systems are they being excluded from, and at what cost?

The power of language in innovation and development

Language is a key driver of economic development and innovation, as Prof. K.K. Prah noted, "No society that is scientifically and technologically advancing is doing so using a language foreign to its people.”

Countries like Finland, Sweden, Estonia, and Iceland have small populations, yet they educate in their mother tongues, boast high GDP per capita, and remain globally competitive. Having their mother tongue as the primary language of instruction has not stopped them from having high English language proficiency. The economic opportunities we seek and the ability to solve our own challenges—in agriculture, construction, urbanization, healthcare, and local manufacturing—do not require English or any other foreign language as a prerequisite. What they demand is competence, creativity, and meaningful connection with the communities they serve.

Consumption, non-consumption, and the missed opportunity

In innovation theory, non-consumption refers to people who would benefit from a product or service but are unable to access it due to barriers like cost, complexity, or availability. In Rwanda, language is one of the most significant—and often overlooked—barriers. Since most scientific knowledge, whether produced in Rwanda or elsewhere, exists in foreign languages, it limits people’s ability to access and absorb that knowledge. More critically, it hinders their ability to apply it in solving the real problems they face in their daily lives.

In contrast, in the creative space, some of Rwanda’s most popular artists, whose content is widely consumed—like Papa Sava, Meddy, and Bruce Melodie—built their platforms almost entirely in Kinyarwanda or began their careers producing content in the language. Papa Sava has garnered over 284 million views, and Meddy has surpassed 300 million. Bruce Melodie earned a massive local following long before achieving regional or global recognition.

Nigerian music isn’t globally successful because it’s in English, but because it is authentic, rooted in local expression, and emotionally accessible.

Another domain of high consumption across the continent, including in Rwanda, is religion. The Bible remains one of the most widely consumed texts in Africa precisely because it has been translated into local languages. Its teachings spread because people could understand, interpret, and internalize them in their own tongues. So why can’t we apply the same approach to science and education?

By failing to make knowledge accessible in our mother tongue, we are locking out countless people—creating non-consumption, not because they lack intelligence or curiosity, but simply because of language. In doing so, we are not only limiting individual potential—we are leaving behind immense cultural, intellectual, and economic value.

Yet despite this, AI offers us a powerful opportunity to change course.

Artificial Intelligence can do for scientific knowledge what missionaries once did for the Bible—it can help us translate vast amounts of information into Kinyarwanda. While AI still needs to be trained and refined for this purpose, it offers an unprecedented advantage: the speed and scale to make knowledge accessible like never before. We now have a real opportunity to reverse-engineer our education system—to deliver knowledge in a language people truly understand.

With AI, we can translate curricula, business books, philosophy, fiction, political thought, research, and training materials into Kinyarwanda. Not to replace English, but to ensure this knowledge is accessible to more people—building a strong foundation that fosters comprehension, confidence, and creativity.

To test this idea in practice, especially in areas where Kinyarwanda lacks established technical vocabulary, I collaborated with ChatGPT to coin a new word for "Quantum.” Together, we arrived at "Kwoniyo”—a small but meaningful example of how technology can help us grow our language alongside our knowledge systems.

From policy to practice: Where do we go from here?

There is already momentum. Government documents such as the Official Gazette, Cabinet meeting summaries, and even announcements from Rwanda Revenue Authority and other government offices are now published in Kinyarwanda and English. This signals a growing recognition of the importance of Kinyarwanda in communicating national matters. We must now extend this approach to the education system, which remains one of the most powerful drivers of national transformation.

Policy-level changes could include: