People of different ages and genders have used various substances and beauty aids for centuries to enhance their appearance. In the past, these practices largely depended on locally available materials, traditions and customs. Today, the market is flooded with cosmetics and personal care products, many of which are available worldwide. Some people go a step further and undergo cosmetic procedures. Cosmetic surgery, cosmetic dentistry, liposuction and Botox injections are among the options available to alter physical features or enhance appearance. But how effective and safe are these interventions? What should people consider before choosing them? Some people undergo liposuction to remove unwanted fat. However, cosmetic liposuction is intended to reshape particular areas of the body rather than serve as a treatment for obesity. It carries risks, and the desired results cannot be guaranteed. Breast augmentation using implants is another popular procedure. People seeking to improve the appearance of facial scars or other skin irregularities may undergo dermabrasion. This involves removing the outer layers of skin in the treated area to improve its appearance; it does not involve scraping off the entire skin of the face and neck. Botulinum toxin injections, commonly known by the brand name Botox, are used to reduce the appearance of wrinkles. Possible side effects include bruising, swelling and soreness. Less commonly, weakness in nearby muscles can cause a temporarily drooping brow or eyelid. Treatment should be performed by an appropriately qualified medical professional. Some people also choose surgery to change the size or shape of their buttocks. Before undergoing any cosmetic operation, patients should discuss the specific risks, expected benefits and recovery requirements with their surgeon. Liposuction, for example, can cause uneven contours, bleeding, infection or changes in sensation. The risks depend on the procedure, the individual’s health and other factors. It is misleading to present all complications of abdominal surgery as expected consequences of cosmetic fat removal. Breast implants also carry risks. They can rupture, and scar tissue around an implant can tighten, making the breast feel firm or painful and altering its shape. This is known as capsular contracture. Implants are not lifetime devices, and further surgery may be needed. However, there is no fixed rule that they rupture after two or three years. Before undergoing a cosmetic procedure, individuals should carefully weigh the potential benefits against the discomfort, cost, recovery time and possible complications. They should also have realistic expectations about the outcome. There is an extensive range of skin, hair and body care products available today. Some ingredients can cause irritation or allergic reactions in susceptible individuals. However, the presence of a chemical ingredient does not, by itself, mean that a product is harmful. Phthalates, used in some cosmetics and fragrances, have attracted safety concerns. However, the US Food and Drug Administration states that it does not currently have evidence that phthalates, as used in cosmetics, pose a safety risk. Broad claims that all phthalates in beauty products cause cancer or organ damage are therefore misleading. Parabens are preservatives used in some personal care products. Although their possible hormonal effects have been studied, the FDA states that it does not currently have information showing that parabens, as used in cosmetics, affect human health. They should not be described as a proven cause of breast cancer. Talc also requires careful explanation. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified it as probably carcinogenic to humans, partly on the basis of limited evidence concerning ovarian cancer. This is more nuanced than stating that genital talcum powder is an established cause of ovarian cancer. Good health, emotional wellbeing and confidence deserve as much attention as outward appearance. People choosing beauty products should read labels, follow instructions and avoid ingredients to which they have known sensitivities. Those considering cosmetic procedures should seek qualified medical advice and make informed decisions. The pursuit of beauty should always include careful consideration of health and safety. The writer is a specialist in internal medicine. Email: rachna212002@yahoo.co.uk
