Many people only start thinking about their health once pregnancy is confirmed, but medical experts stress that the process should begin much earlier; before conception even occurs. ALSO READ: Experts flag lifestyle factors behind rising infertility “Any woman or man of reproductive age who intends to have a child should undergo preconception care—the medical attention given before pregnancy—with the goal of entering pregnancy in the best possible health,” said Dr. Ruzindana Kenneth, a senior consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist at Kigali University Teaching Hospital. ALSO READ: How Rwandan ‘virtual hospital’ is changing maternal, newborn healthcare Preconception care begins with a thorough medical evaluation, including checks for diabetes, hypertension, thyroid disorders, and anaemia, he added. If these conditions are not well-managed before pregnancy, they can increase the risk of complications, affecting both mother and baby. A balanced diet and folic acid supplementation prior to conception help prevent serious birth defects. Addressing both undernutrition and obesity is important, the doctor advised, as these can interfere with fertility and negatively impact pregnancy outcomes. Screening for infections is an essential part of preconception care. Tests for HIV and syphilis are recommended, and vaccinations, including protection against hepatitis B, should be up to date before pregnancy. Lifestyle factors are also reviewed. Avoiding smoking and alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight, and reviewing medications for potential risks can all reduce complications for both mother and child. Fertility health Preconception care can also reduce infertility by identifying and managing health issues before they affect conception. For women, experts say, it can uncover conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or endometriosis, which may affect ovulation but often go unnoticed. For men, attention is placed on sperm health, as untreated infections such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea can reduce fertility over time. Early testing, adjusting medications, and adopting healthier habits can improve sperm quality. “Managing chronic illnesses and improving nutrition helps stabilize the body and increases the chances of conception,” Dr. Ruzindana added. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), preconception care involves providing biomedical, behavioural, and social health interventions to women and couples before conception. This approach improves health status and reduces behaviours and environmental factors that could lead to poor maternal and child health outcomes. Preconception care is linked to a wide range of positive outcomes: lower risk of child mortality, birth defects, preterm birth, and low birth weight; fewer neonatal complications, including hypoglycemia and infections; reduced risk of vertical transmission of HIV and other STIs; and healthier pregnancies, lower maternal mortality, and better breastfeeding outcomes.
