Recovery from the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi is being understood through a structured lens of resilience, one that highlights not only how far the country has come, but also where continued support is needed. This was underscored on Friday, March 27 during an activity organised by the Association of Widows of the Genocide against the Tutsi (AVEGA Agahozo), aimed at strengthening resilience among its members. ALSO READ: AVEGA leads discussions on unity, trauma, emotional healing ahead of commemoration The initiative is part of preparations for the 32nd commemoration of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, with a particular focus on supporting vulnerable survivors as they continue their journey of rebuilding their lives. Mental health experts say the journey from trauma to resilience has unfolded in five distinct stages, each reflecting evolving needs among survivors. According to Darius Gishoma, the Division Manager of the Mental Health Division at the Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC), the first stage was marked by acute trauma in the immediate aftermath of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi. ALSO READ: Documentary showcases Rwanda’s post-Genocide resilience “This phase can be compared to being struck by lightning, it was a period of intense shock, confusion and grief. Survivors struggled to comprehend what had happened, often experiencing sleeplessness, distress and a constant sense of insecurity,” Gishoma explained. The second stage, he noted, was characterised by emotional numbness. While daily life appeared to resume, many survivors felt disconnected and unable to experience joy. “People were physically present, but not emotionally. Life continued, but without joy, individuals could move around and function yet feel detached from life itself. Happiness had disappeared,” Gishoma said. The third stage focused on survival without full recovery. Communities began rebuilding their lives, returning to routines such as farming, school, and basic economic activities. However, this rebuilding was largely functional, not yet emotional. ALSO READ: You are a pillar of resilience, First Lady tells Genocide widows It is during this phase that organisations like AVEGA Agahozo emerged as critical support systems, offering counselling, social cohesion, and a sense of belonging for Genocide survivors, particularly widows. “At that time, people were rebuilding because they had to survive, not because they had fully healed,” Gishoma noted. The fourth stage marked a turning point, of reconstruction with meaning. Survivors began to regain a sense of identity and purpose, reconnect socially, and experience genuine moments of happiness. Families stabilised, children returned to school, and communities became more cohesive. Today, Rwanda is largely in what Gishoma describes as the fifth stage: living beyond trauma. At this point, individuals are not only surviving or rebuilding, but they are also thriving, with the ability to reflect on the past while actively shaping the future. “Rwandans are now able to talk about the past, understand the present, and plan for what lies ahead,” he said. Monique Zihinjishi, who lost her family members, said reflected on the healing journey she has had. “The Genocide left us with orphaned children and broken hearts. I was often beaten and insulted, someone would slap me and say, ‘I know you, you are a Tutsi girl,” she said. “Today, no one can treat me that way. I feel strong because we live in a country with stable leadership,” she said. “Now we can move freely, access healthcare without fear, things we once dreaded. Through AVEGA, we found a community, rebuilt our families, supported one another, and gradually healed. Over time, we regained hope and strength together.” Alice Uwera Kayumba, the Director General in charge of National Unity and Resilience at the Ministry of National Unity and Civic Engagement, said that while many survivors have rebuilt their lives, vulnerabilities persist, particularly among elderly widows and those facing chronic health conditions. “Many have shown incredible resilience, raised their children and supported others, but some still need support, especially during commemoration periods when trauma can resurface,” she said. Uwera said that the organisation continues to organise group discussions ahead of commemoration to help members prepare emotionally and support one another. “Even after many years, this period remains difficult. Bringing people together reminds them they are not alone,” she explained. Alphonsine Mukarugema, president of AVEGA Agahozo, said that their resilience has been strengthened by consistent support from national leadership, particularly First Lady Jeannette Kagame, who has helped in various forms. She noted that, alongside this support, the country has succeeded in building lasting peace and security, marking the longest period in Rwanda’s history since independence. “We always appreciate RPF Inkotanyi who stopped the Genocide. There has never been another period where such a length of time passed without people being killed, homes burned, or communities destroyed. Ever since 1959, 1973, and ultimately 1994, peace and security were never an option,” she said. Mukarugema further explained that the organisation’s annual dialogues are designed to strengthen members and reduce trauma during the Kwibuka period, noting that they have yielded positive results. However, she pointed out that resource constraints remain a challenge, particularly in addressing members’ needs such as building or renovating homes for those living in poor conditions. Officials emphasised that sustained investment in mental health services, social protection, and community-based support systems remains essential, particularly for those who risk being left behind.
