Conservation agriculture: Rwanda’s practical response to climate change and soil degradation

Rwanda’s agriculture employs up to 56.7% of the working-age population and supports rural livelihoods. Yet it faces growing pressure due to small and fragmented landholdings, declining soil fertility, and erosion on steep slopes. For many farmers, producing enough food while protecting their land for future generations has become a daily challenge. Across the country, heavy rains wash away fertile topsoil in highland regions, while prolonged dry seasons reduce yields and increase crop failure in dryland areas. Continuous ploughing, limited crop rotation, and the removal of crop residues have left many soils depleted, compacted, and low in organic matter. These challenges threaten food security and farmers' incomes, particularly for smallholders who depend entirely on the land. Toward a smarter way of farming Recognising these realities, Rwanda has chosen a path of conservation agriculture as a long-term solution. Conservation agriculture is not a new concept; extensive research has proven that it is a smarter way of farming that capitalises on improving soil health rather than degrading it. The Government of Rwanda has recognised this need to transform its agricultural system and, in partnership with the Howard G. Buffett Foundation, established Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture (RICA). RICA is a premier institute with the mandate to be the hub of conservation agriculture and be at the forefront of conservation agriculture promotion and adoption in Rwanda and the broader region. The importance of conservation agriculture is clearly reflected in the Strategic Plan for Agriculture Transformation Phase 5 (PSTA 5) developed by the Ministry of Agriculture in 2025, where it is identified as a key approach for building climate-resilient and sustainable food systems. At RICA, conservation agriculture is promoted under eight simple prin- ciples: minimize soil disturbance; maintain soil cover; diversify crop- ping systems; optimal application of nutrients such as fertilizers, and lime; judicious use of pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides; efficient water use in irrigation to maximize profitability; integrate cropping and livestock sys- tems; and manage crop and livestock systems in ways that protect the envi- ronment and increase biodiversity. These principles are complemented by the adoption of overarching best agricultural practices within the farming systems. Together, these principles help farmers protect their soils, conserve moisture, and improve productivity over time. Proof from the field As an academic training, research, and extension institution, RICA works closely with farmers, extension officers, students, and partners to demonstrate that conservation agriculture is practical, affordable, and effective and more profitable under Rwandan conditions. On our demonstration farms and through model farmer field schools, we have observed soil regain structure, water infiltration improve and yields stabilise even under erratic rainfall. Farming for a changing climate Conservation agriculture directly addresses climate change. Mulched soils retain moisture during dry periods and reduce runoff during heavy rains. Healthy soils rich in organic matter store more carbon, helping mitigate climate change while improving fertility. For farmers, this means fewer losses, more reliable harvests, and reduced dependence on expensive external inputs over time. Equally important, conservation agriculture supports Rwanda’s vision of sustainable land use. With limited land available, productivity must increase without degrading the resource base. Conservation agriculture helps farmers produce more from the same land while preserving it for future generations. This aligns strongly with PSTA 5’s focus on resilience, environmental protection, and inclusive agricultural growth. Learning from farmers’ success stories This article is dedicated to conservation agriculture. In articles to follow, I will explore the principles and practices of conservation agriculture in greater detail, clearly outline the benefits for farmers and communities, and highlight real-life stories of men and women across Rwanda who have adopted conservation agriculture and transformed their farms. These farmers are proving that it is possible to protect the soil, adapt to climate change, and earn a better living at the simultaneously. Conservation agriculture is a trans- formative shift of behaviours in farming systems, offering simple yet effective approaches. It is a journey Rwanda has already embarked on to build sustainable and climate-resilient food system. With strong policy support from the Ministry of Agriculture, leadership from RICA, and the commitment from other concerned partners, stakeholders and farmers nationwide, conservation agriculture offers a realistic and hopeful solution to the twin challenges of uncertain weather patterns and soil degradation. Our soils are our future. Conservation agriculture helps us protect them. Leonce Harerimana, Ph.D, is the Director of Extension and a lecturer at Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture (RICA). The views expressed in this article are of the writer.

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Conservation agriculture: Rwanda’s practical response to climate change and soil degradation