Over the last few years, entrepreneurs, multinationals, governments, and telecom companies have waded into the mobile market with the aim of building African-made handsets that will challenge for market share with the likes of Transsion, Apple and Samsung. Countries including Egypt and Kenya, Africa’s largest mobile network operator, MTN, and startup Onyx Connect have either announced plans or launched their own homegrown phones. The pan-African investment group Mara also received backing from the African Development Bank this month to develop a high-spec smartphone that will primarily serve African markets with the aim of eventually exporting to Europe. By tapping into the growing African mobile phone market, stakeholders hope to provide affordable, data-enabled devices, with specialised operating systems, access to popular social media apps and longer battery life—in short, a phone made in Africa, by Africans, and for Africans. Investing in mobile technology in Africa could be prudent, given unique mobile subscriber penetration in the region, while rising, was still just 44 per cent by the end of 2017, well below the global average of 66 per cent. Across Africa, the mobile phone is also more than just a communications device: It’s a mobile wallet, a vital tool to access innovation from health and education to farming expertise and government services, and a transformative outlet credited for facilitating poverty alleviation. So, in part, various stakeholders are moving into making phones in order to scale the next round of growth, which will be concentrated in rural markets and among younger demographic groups. Yet part of this shift, observers say, involves the economic policy of import substitution in industrialisation, which calls for nations to exchange foreign imports with domestic production. This is also augmented by the notion that, by making their own mobile phones, African countries could not only move up the value chain of production but also help accelerate the process of leapfrogging over old technologies and business models. With maturing tech ecosystems and a growing interest in new technologies, the launch of new smart and feature phones could jumpstart manufacturing, create more jobs, and lure foreign investors. But as the race intensifies among nations and companies, it’s unclear if locally-made phones can really gain traction. Yes, says Kamau Gachigi, who heads the Nairobi-based makerspace Gearbox. The caveat, he adds, is that governments need to focus less on the end-product and more on building processes that could support and spur more products and ecosystems. One example is supporting prototyping facilities that specialise in the fabrication of printed circuit boards (PCB) for electronics. This, Gachigi says, would allow for the creation of a high-mix, low-volume production process that could better serve nascent manufacturers’ demands whether they are making phones or tablets. Another factor to consider is approaching the issue from a human-centered perspective. Gachigi, a 2018 Quartz Africa Innovator, says engineers sometimes make “clever” things “because they can and not because the market wants them.” For instance, with the rise of the mobile money platform M-Pesa, a range of pay-as-you-go servicesand products like solar energy platform M-Kopa grew across Kenya. Many of these systems weren’t available off-the-shelf, Gachigi says, and their designing and prototyping with local entrepreneurs showed there was still a niche market gap that could be filled and exported. By tailoring mobile designs to specific contexts, say, rural people, governments and companies “would find that they would have a lot more output, a lot more impact, a lot more citizen engagement of high value.” Business sense But even then, developing a business case and establishing a captive market might prove easier said than done. Governments, for instance, could mandate that their phones be used or purchased by public servants. But that wouldn’t take away the threat posed by dominant firms like the Shenzhen, China-based Transsion, which leads Africa’s phone market share. Mark Kaigwa, founder of Nairobi-based tech research company Nendo, says any pronouncement that doesn’t take into account the existence of dominant manufacturers like Transsion, Samsung and Huawei will only prove to be a “romantic” idea. To probably cushion themselves, SICO, the Egyptian firm behind the 4G-enabled smartphone Nile X, and MTN, have both partnered with Chinese tech companies to manufacture their phones. Nations shouldn’t also look to making their own handsets as a way to circumvent the hard work of building adequate infrastructure, says Kaigwa. Creating the right regulatory environment for new business models to be tested, encouraging private-public partnerships to thrive, and paying deliberate attention and not just lip service to research and development will remain crucial. Gachigi, an evangelist for makers, says it’s important that different stakeholders in Africa are paying attention to mobile telephony and want to become attractive exporters instead of net importers. It’s important, he says, that Africa partake in the fourth industrial revolution and not sit back to see the opportunities driven by others. “I don’t buy the whole idea that if you don’t have some advantage, don’t try. Quartz
