This is the story of one of Africa’s greatest ancestors, a figure whose legacy spans multiple regions and cultures. In Rwanda, he is revered as the grandfather of Gihanga, the founding father of the nation.

In Uganda, he is believed to be the founding father of Buganda. In Sudan, he is regarded as the founder of the perfect order, and in Egypt, he is called the father of black nations. His name in Rwanda, "Muntu," means "human," and his influence can be seen in the African philosophy of "Ubuntu," which signifies humanity.

Across Africa, he is known by different names—Kintu in Uganda, Kentheu in Sudan, and Ken.t in Egypt.

Challenging colonial narratives

Colonial scholars have propagated distinctions between African groups, claiming that Baganda kings are Bantu while Rwandan kings are Nilotic.

However, oral histories suggest that Kintu, the ancestor of the Baganda kings, could be the same figure as Muntu, an ancestor of the Rwandan kings.

Our research into the Kintu/Muntu connection is ongoing, and we call upon students of history in Uganda and Rwanda to explore this further, proving that the shared origins of these nations are not myths but realities.

Recent scientific studies confirm Africa as the cradle of modern humans. Carleton Coon, in his book, The Origin of Race, traces humanity’s beginnings to Africa. Théophile Obenga’s Les Peuples Bantu: Migrations, Expansion Et Identité Culturelle and Cheikh Anta Diop’s The African Origin of Civilization further explore Africa’s foundational role in human history.

The documentary, ‘The Journey of Man,’ featuring geneticist Dr. Spencer Wells, revealed through DNA analysis that all modern humans descended from an African ancestor who lived approximately 60,000 years ago.

Could this ancestral figure be Kintu, as the Baganda believe? Oral literature in Rwanda describes a different lineage, tracing Muntu’s descent from Sabizeze, who arrived in present-day Rwanda from "Ubuha bwa Ruguru" in Tanzania.

This aligns with research identifying Tanzania’s Olduvai Gorge as a crucial site in human evolution.

Muntu’s exodus from Mazinga to Bungeri

Rwandan oral history recounts that during and after the reign of Kizira, the father of Muntu, the population of Mazinga (now part of Akagera National Park) suffered catastrophic floods and disease outbreaks.

These disasters forced many people, including Sabizeze’s descendants, to flee northward, with some settling in present-day Northern Uganda. Oral traditions suggest that Mazinga was considered cursed and abandoned.

It was during this period that Muntu migrated to Bungeri, now Buganda, where he became known as Kintu. He arrived with numerous followers who had also fled the hardships of Mazinga.

Contrary to some scholarly claims that he encountered dense forests, Muntu/Kintu met other communities already living in the region. According to J.B. Weber in Chronology, Migration, and Drought in Interlacustrine Africa, Kintu encountered Mboga, son of Kambeja, known in Rwanda as Kabeja.

Baganda historians assert that Kintu found six existing clans—Ffumbe, Lugave, Ngeye, Nnyonyi, Nnyange, and Njaza—while also bringing 13 clans with him. This suggests that his followers' sheer numbers contributed to his establishment as a king.

Disputed origins and interpretations

Some scholars, such as Semakula Kiwanuka in History of Buganda: From the Foundation of the Kingdom to 1900 and Benjamin Ray in Myth, Ritual, and Kingship in Buganda, date Kintu’s arrival in Uganda to the 14th century.

Others, like Father William Nyakatura, argue that both the Banyoro and Baganda believe Kintu was the first man to inhabit the earth, predating the Bachwezi.

Baganda traditions hold that Kintu arrived at Naggalabi, near present-day Kampala, where the Buganda Kingdom was born. Every Kabaka (king) of Buganda is still crowned at this historic site.

However, John Nyakatura, in Anatomy of an African Kingdom, records a competing claim from the Banyoro that Kintu first landed at Podi in Bunyoro before moving to Kibiro with his followers

Among them were Bukulu and his wife Wada, Kyaggwe and his wife Ndimuwala, and Mazinga (potentially linking him to the Rwandan Mazinga), who traveled with his wife Mbuubi.

Nyakatura contends that Kintu is a mythical figure and credits the founding of Buganda to Kimera. However, Baganda historians strongly oppose this theory, maintaining that Kimera was Kintu’s grandson. Similarly, Rwandan oral history identifies Rumeza, possibly Kimera, as a distant descendant of Muntu.

Muntu: The founding father of nations

Whether called Kintu, Muntu, Kentiu, Khent, or Ken.t, this legendary figure is regarded as a foundational ancestor in multiple African cultures. In Egypt, people from the south were called "Nahasi," a term that resembles the Kinyarwanda word Hasi (meaning "down" or "south") and the Luganda word Wansi (with the same meaning).

This southern ancestor, who laid the foundation for black civilizations, is said to have led his people from Mazinga in Rwanda to Bungeri in Uganda, where he structured the population and provided leadership following the calamities in Mazinga.

His descendants are credited with founding the Buganda and Bunyoro kingdoms, and his influence may even extend to Sudanese civilization.

While our research is ongoing, we encourage historians and scholars in Uganda and Rwanda to delve deeper into this shared heritage, proving that the unity of these nations is not a myth but a historical reality.