From time to time, media reports have highlighted celebrities and influential individuals who may have experienced health and developmental challenges potentially associated with prenatal alcohol exposure, including fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a lifelong condition caused by alcohol exposure before birth. When a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, it passes through the placenta to the developing fetus. The fetus metabolises alcohol much more slowly than an adult, allowing it to accumulate in the developing baby’s system. This exposure can interfere with the development of the brain and nervous system, potentially causing permanent damage.

There are several characteristic features of fetal alcohol syndrome. A baby may be born with a low birth weight, short eye openings, a smooth ridge between the nose and upper lip, and a thin upper lip. The child may also have a smaller-than-average head size (microcephaly) and experience slower physical growth than other children of the same age.

Other possible features include poor coordination, balance problems, a low IQ, learning difficulties and intellectual disabilities. These challenges may be accompanied by behavioural problems, such as a short attention span, poor impulse control, and difficulties with social interactions or emotional regulation.

Research has also examined the potential effects of paternal alcohol consumption on a child’s development. Chronic, heavy alcohol use by the father may affect sperm quality, DNA integrity and epigenetic markers, potentially influencing reproductive outcomes and the child’s development. However, fetal alcohol syndrome itself is caused by prenatal alcohol exposure, and paternal alcohol consumption alone does not directly cause the characteristic facial features of the condition.

There is no single diagnostic symptom or blood test for fetal alcohol syndrome. A history of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, characteristic facial features, central nervous system impairment, and growth and developmental problems can raise a strong suspicion of the condition. Diagnosis requires a comprehensive clinical assessment by qualified healthcare professionals.

Because the damage caused by fetal alcohol syndrome can be permanent, prevention is essential. The most effective preventive measure is to avoid alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Given the health risks associated with alcohol, it is best to avoid drinking altogether. Anyone who drinks alcohol and is planning to conceive should seek professional advice on stopping, particularly if they find it difficult to do so. There is no known safe amount or type of alcohol during pregnancy.

If stopping alcohol consumption proves difficult, support can be sought from a professional counsellor or an addiction treatment centre. It is also important for women planning to conceive to maintain good nutritional status and seek appropriate preconception healthcare.

There is no specific medication that cures fetal alcohol syndrome. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and supporting the child’s development. Depending on individual needs, healthcare professionals may recommend medication for certain associated conditions, nutritional support and other interventions.

Mothers and other caregivers need to understand the condition and its challenges. They should receive appropriate counselling and guidance from healthcare professionals, who can explain how coordinated efforts by family members and specialists can help the child. The family should be understanding, supportive and willing to follow professional advice.

The child should never be belittled or criticised for difficulties associated with the condition. Instead, they should be treated with sensitivity, patience and love. Building the child’s self-confidence is essential so that experiences such as ridicule or failure do not undermine their sense of self-worth.

Awareness, early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach can significantly improve a child’s development and long-term outcomes. Depending on the child’s needs, support may include physical, speech and occupational therapy to improve motor skills, communication, social functioning and behaviour. Individualised educational support and specialised tutoring can also be beneficial.

Adolescents and young adults may benefit from vocational training that equips them with practical skills to earn a livelihood. Training in daily living skills can also help them achieve the greatest possible level of independence.

With appropriate care, early intervention and ongoing support, individuals with fetal alcohol syndrome can develop their abilities, participate meaningfully in society and, depending on the severity of their condition, achieve varying degrees of independence and productivity.

The writer is a specialist in internal medicine.