Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 13·5% of the global population but less than 1% of global research output. In 2008, Africa produced 27 000 published papers – the same number as the Netherlands. There are some areas of improvement. A 2014 World Bank study showed that the quantity and quality of sub-Saharan Africa’s research had increased substantially in the previous 20 years. It more than doubled its annual research output from 2003 to 2012. And it increased its share of global research during the same period. But Africa’s overall research record remains poor. Part of the problem is that the continent contributes less than 1% of the global expenditure on research and development. African governments don’t spend a significant percentage of their gross domestic product (GDP) on research. Another issue is that sub-Saharan Africa depends greatly on international collaboration and visiting academics for its research output. In 2012 southern Africa produced 79% of all its research output through international collaborations. In east Africa the number stood at 70% and in west and central Africa at 45%. This stands in stark contrast to intra-Africa collaboration which is extremely rare. Collaboration among local researchers ranges from 0·9% in west and central Africa to 2·9% in southern Africa. Limited government funding for universities lies at the root of these challenges. It is here that one of the solutions must be found. It’s time for African universities, governments, and development partners to take action by fostering the development of research-active universities on the continent. The model we have developed at the Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA) provides evidence that revitalisation of the African academy in Africa by Africans is possible. CARTA is a consortium of eight African universities and four African research centres. CARTA has been independently evaluated and recommended as a model that should be more widely used. Action plan Three interlinked actions are crucial to revitalise African higher education. The first is the differentiation of the continent’s higher education system. Some universities must become research-intensive. Their resources must be focused on graduate training and research. Second, new funding mechanisms must be created for these research-intensive universities. Finally, new accountability systems must be put in place to ensure high standards. There must also be room for new institutions to enter the system. One particularly compelling reason to differentiate research-intensive universities from those focused on undergraduate teaching is that sub-Saharan Africa’s population is set to double by 2050. This will create continued demand for higher education. That, in turn, necessitates appropriate training of faculty with advanced degrees. It is this cohort who will be needed to staff the new universities and maintain high standards across the higher education system. Research-intensive universities are the best place to train such people. Funding and accountability New funding mechanisms will be needed to support research-intensive universities. The funding mechanisms we suggest will empower research-intensive universities on several fronts. They’ll be able to attract leading researchers, create infrastructure, and develop support systems for research. This is also a way to bring African citizens in the diaspora back to replicate their research programmes on the continent. The research-intensive universities will provide a base for training younger researchers. This will create a virtuous cycle. Output via research publications will increase. Internationally competitive researchers will remain on or return to the continent. Grants will be generated. All of these factors are critical to ensuring long-term sustainability. Designated research-intensive universities mustn’t be allowed to become complacent. There must also be room for upcoming, high-achieving universities to enter the space. We propose ongoing peer review every three to five years. Accountability and transparency will be key. The review function could be entrusted to a supranational body with wide representation. Universities that have previously been designated as research-intensive could lose their designation depending on their research track record. Agencies
